Ionic Bonding

Understand that ionic bonding is the attraction between oppositely charged ions that are formed by electron transfer to create full valence electron shells.

Show the formation of an ionic bond using dot and cross diagrams for compounds of elements 1 to 20.

Understand the nature of ionic solids in terms of a lattice structure and how this relates to the characteristic properties of high melting points, a brittle nature and conduction when molten or dissolved in water only.

Covalent Bonding

Understand that a covalent bond is the mutual attraction for a shared pair of electrons and that there may be more than one covalent bond between atoms.

Draw dot and cross diagrams of covalent molecules that include atoms of elements 1 to 20.

Understand the nature of simple covalent substances in terms of low melting and boiling points (due to weak intermolecular forces) and insulation in all states (no ions or free electrons).

Understand that some covalent bonds are polar and this can result in polar molecules which increases melting and boiling points and water solubility. (No consideration of molecular shapes is required).

Understand that bonds with O-H, F-H and N-H are highly polar, and form hydrogen bonds with atoms of O, F or N in neighbouring molecules, and/or with H atoms attached to O, F or N in neighbouring molecules.

Carbonates

Recall that carbonates may decompose with heat to produce carbon dioxide and metal oxides.

Recall the reaction between carbonates and mineral acids and deduce balanced symbol equations, with state symbols, for such reactions.

Alcohols

Recall and understand the conditions for the fermentation of sugar to produce ethanol, and the equation.

Describe and understand how a solution of ethanol can be concentrated using fractional distillation.

Be able to draw and name the first five alcohols.

Carboxylic Acids and Acid-Base Titrations

Recall that alcohols can be oxidised to carboxylic acid. Recollection of equations and conditions is not required.

Be able to draw and name the first five carboxylic acids.

Recall how to carry out an acid-base titration and understand how this can be used to determine relative concentrations of acids from the volume of the titre. Mole calculations are not required.